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share this freely. However, this is the work of Robert Shimek, and all
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guidance as to how to quote from this piece, or would like to inquire
about arranging an interview with Bob, please feel free to contact
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THE WOLF IS MY BROTHER
THE
CULTURAL, SPIRITUAL, AND HISTORIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OJIBWE
ANISHINABE AND MA’IINGAN OF THE GREAT LAKES REGION OF NORTH AMERICA
The Wolf is my Brother! These
words have been heard among Ojibwe Anishinaabe communities of the
western Great Lakes Region since time immemorial. At times, it was
common knowledge among all. In more recent times, the idea was almost
erased in many communities because of the acculturation and assimilation
policies of the United States government and churches established on
Indian Reservations.
“Kill the Indian to save the man”. These now
famous words were uttered by William Pratt, Superintendent of Carlisle
Boarding School in the late 1870’s. Carlisle was the first large scale
Indian Boarding School established in the United States. Within twenty
years, government and church operated boarding schools had sprung up all
across the American landscape. The words and the educational philosophy
of Mr. Pratt nearly eliminated the Indigenous Anishinaabe way of
thinking about the world, the wolf, and just about everything else that
stood in the way of White Man’s conquest and colonization of America,
including other tribes.
Over the many of years
of interaction between Indigenous People (Anishinaabe) and
Euro-Americans in the Great lakes region, there has been a great deal of
misunderstanding between the two cultural population groups. At times,
this has led to conflict on a variety issues. The nature and essence of
these differences has, in some cases, became multi-generational. The
recent delisting of the grey wolf from federal protection and turning
wolf management over to the states in the Great Lakes region has created
some resistance from Ojibwe tribes in the same region. Here in
Minnesota, the major contention is the statewide wolf hunt that refuses
to acknowledge the territorial jurisdiction of the tribes and the
importance of a healthy relationship between Ma’iinganag and
Anishinaabeg.
After hundreds of years of interaction,
many Euro-Americans do not understand the complexity of the
relationship Anishinaabe (original man) in the region have with the wolf
(Ma’iingan). Nor do some Anishinaabe understand the Euro-American
relationship to the world we all share. We have been neighbors for many
years; we still have much to learn about each other. To start gaining
ground on a mutual understanding, some tough issues and questions have
to be raised.
Some here assert that in Minnesota we
can shoot, trap, and snare up to 50% of the wolves annually and the
population will always rebound and be stable. They consider wolves a
renewable resource that can be killed indefinitely with no significant
social, cultural, or political impact. Some in the Anishinaabe community
would ask, how can the state of Minnesota legislate the killing of my
Wolf Brother? How can the state of Minnesota, after years of hard
lessons, legislate a new variety of colonialism and racism directed at
Anishinaabeg without consultation or consent? The statewide wolf
hunting, trapping, and snaring season has been become problematic for
tribes to manage their resources as they see fit. Minimally, if there is
something rare, endangered special, or sacred to the Minnesota Ojibwe
tribes, they should be allowed to care for it within Indian Reservations
boundaries. This article begins an effort to close the gaps in
understanding and relationships between the two cultures as it is
related to Ma’iingan.
The following is a small part of the story
about how things came to be the way they are through the eyes of the
Ojibwe Anishinaabeg in the Great Lakes region. It is not intended to be
comprehensive of all the thinking that supports why Ma’iingan is sacred
and special to Anishinaabeg. It is, however, a statement about why
Anishinaabeg should have control over caring for Ma’iinganag within
their respective reservations and jurisdictions. The information will
lay some ground work that will enable readers to begin to understand the
uniqueness of the Anishinaabe/Ma’iingan relationship as well as the
cultural, spiritual, and historic relationship they share. This is not
the entire story. The first two pieces talk a little bit about how
cultural and spiritual relationships were formed. The last two segments
address more specifically the role of the wolf in the context of these
relationships.
All members of the Creation get their voice.
A
very long time ago, when the earth was young, things were very much
different than now. One of these differences was there was no sound.
Nothing had voice. Not the winds, the water, the animals, even the
plants. Nobody could be heard, they had no voice. The spirits in charge
of making this beautiful homeland for Anishinaabeg decided that
something had to be done about all this. During this time, only they had
voice and could talk to each other.
After careful
consideration and consultation, they called for a huge ceremonial pow
wow and feast. Runners were sent to invite the voiceless ones to the
gathering. During this time when all from the entire creation were
present, a huge ceremonial give away was to be held where each would
each receive a voice.
After days of
feasting and dancing, the appointed day arrived where each member of the
creation was to receive their voice. They all lined up and, as their
turn came, they stepped up to the spirits and received their voice. Each
of the birds was told, from this time on, you shall sound like this.
All the different animals were given their own voice. Even the trees
were told, when the winds blow, your voice shall sound like this. And
that is the sound we hear today. There were so many in the line that
needed voice that this ceremony went on for days. One by one, all the
different plants and animals all got their voice.
When the
end of the line finally reached where the spirits were gathered, the
last one standing there was Anishinaabeg. The spirits looked at
Anishinaabeg, the Anishinaabeg looked at the spirits, and the spirits
said, we are out of voices. All the available voices in the entire
universe have already been given out. The spirits instructed
Anishinaabeg to wait and that as soon as they found a solution, they
would be summoned.
In the mean time, the
ceremonial pow wow and feast was ongoing and all members of the Creation
were enjoying their new voices. For the first time, they were talking
to others of their own kind as well as ones different from themselves.
Only Anishinaabeg had to sit in silence and listen to all the new
voices. After a few more days of deliberation and consultation, the
spirits recalled Anishinaabeg to render their decision about the voice
they were to have.
The Anishinaabeg were
told, after days of serious discussion, ceremony, and thought, there was
very little that could be done to give them a new voice of their own.
The spirits looked everywhere for that one voice that had not been used
and came up with nothing. Anishinaabeg were told they were going to have
to share a voice with somebody else. They weren’t sure if this was
something they wanted to participate in or not but there was nothing
they could say about it because they had no voice.
The
spirits announced that the Anishinaabe would have the same voice as
them. They were going to have to share the same language as the spirits.
The language of the Anishinaabeg would be spiritually deriven. And that
was the only thing left to be done if the Anishinaabeg wanted to have a
voice in the matters of the earth and the spiritual universe. This
voice of the Spirits is the language Ojibwe Anishinaabeg continues to
use today.
Anishinaabeg gets some help
At
this time, Anishinaabeg were still a weak and pitiful people. Each
season, each year was a precarious existence. Everywhere else, all the
plants and critters were surviving and thriving. Only Anishinaabeg
continued to struggle for day to day survival. Throughout the villages,
there was an innate uncertainty about the future. As the Spirits
observed this, they soon realized they were going to have to call
everybody from the whole creation back together for a huge ceremonial
pow wow and feast. They were going to have to ask for help for
Anishinaabeg.
At the appointed time,
runners went out to invite all back to a huge gathering to try figure
out who could or would help. After a number of days of dancing,
feasting, and ceremony, each member of the creation was instructed to
step up and describe how they were to help these pitiful Anishinaabeg.
One
by one, individually, in pairs, flocks, herds, etc, the different
plants and animals described how they would help Anishinaabeg. Some
said, I will offer myself if they are hungry. Others said they would
help if Anishinaabeg were sick one sort of way or another. Some even
said they would give Anishinaabeg an itchy butt if she/he sat down on
them. When asked how this was to help, poison ivy and stinging nettle
said it would teach Anishinaabeg to always be aware of what was around
them. A few even said that if they caught Anishinaabeg out in the bush
by themselves, they would eat them. When asked how this was to help,
grizzly bear and cougar said they would teach them to be respectful of
all. And so it was, each member of the creation described to the Spirits
and to Anishinaabeg how and what they would do to helpful.
Wenaboozhoo and Ma’iingan take a walk and give names.
Soon
after all had their voice, Wenaboozhoo and Ma’iingan were visiting and
walking together on a frozen river. As they strolled along, they were so
engrossed in their conversation that they didn’t pay attention to the
changing ice conditions. Before long, Wenaboozhoo fell through the ice
into the cold water below.
By this time,
Ma’iingan knew that Wenaboozhoo was an important being but that
Wenaboozhoo sometimes acted foolishly and was known to trick others into
things they didn’t want to do. As Wenaboozhoo was trying unsuccessfully
to get out of the freezing water, Ma’iingan questioned the idea as to
whether or not to help him.
Soon,
Wenaboozhoo began pleading for Ma’iingan to help him out of the freezing
water. He was getting so desperate that he told Ma’iingan that he would
do anything he wanted in order to get assistance back to dry land.
After a period of deliberation and listening to the increasingly pitiful
pleadings of Wenaboozhoo, Ma’iingan finally turned his tail to
Wenaboozhoo. After considerable effort, he was able to drag Wenaboozhoo
out of the icy water to safety.
In
exchange for his assistance, Ma’iingan told Wenaboozhoo they now had to
give names to all the plants, trees, animals, birds, fish and all gifts
of the creation. When agreement was reached, they began their journey.
This was one of the final steps in making sure Anishinaabeg had a
comfortable life on earth.
Anishinaabe and Ma’iingan take a walk.
ANISHINAABE
AND MA’IINGAN WALKED THE EARTH AND CAME TO KNOW ALL OF HER. IN THIS
JOURNEY, THEY BECAME VERY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER. THEY BECAME LIKE
BROTHERS. IN THEIR CLOSENESS, THEY REALIZED THEY WERE BROTHERS TO ALL
THE CREATION....
THE CREATOR SAID “,…YOU ARE TO
SEPARATE YOUR PATHS. YOU MUST GO DIFFERENT WAYS. WHAT SHALL HAPPEN TO
THE ONE OF YOU WILL ALSO HAPPEN TO THE OTHER. EACH OF YOU WILL BE
FEARED, RESPECTED, AND MISUNDERSTOOD BY THE PEOPLE THAT WILL LATER JOIN
YOU ON THE EARTH.” From
The Mishomis Book by Edward Benton-Banai.
“What shall happen to the one of you shall happen to the other.”
A
survey of history strongly reflects the reality of these prophetic
words. As the British colonies in North America became firmly
established, so did the first of the wolf bounties. By 1630,
Massachusetts Bay Colony had enacted the first tax on livestock to begin
raising revenue to pay wolf bounties. At this time, the extirpation and
extermination of Indians and wolves in North America was well under
way. This included an area that had bountiful numbers of both Indians
and wolves prior to the colonization of the region. By the 1640’s, some
tribes were mandated to turn in a minimum number of wolf heads if they
wished to stay in the good graces of the colonies and be allowed to
collect a bounty of three quarts of wine or a bushel of corn for each
wolf. The extirpation/extermination policy trend continued well into the
1900’s. By the 1950’s, the wolf population of the contiguous 48 states
had dropped from 2 million to just a few hundred. Wolves had been
exterminated in 99 percent of their original range in this vast region.
In
the year 1849, Minnesota became a territory of the United States. With
the establishment of the territorial legislature came the passing of the
first wolf bounty of $3.00. Varying amounts were paid until the bounty
was removed in 1965. During the last thirteen years of the bounty was in
effect, the annual wolf take was 188 wolves. The average bounty was
just under $33.00 per wolf on top of the economic value of the pelt.
In
1973, the modern version of the Endangered Species Act became law. In
1974, Ma’iingan was placed under Endangered Species protection. For the
first time in 344 years, the war against wolf ground to a stop all
across the 48 contiguous American states. The only surviving wolf packs
were in the Arrowhead Region of Minnesota.
Indians in
America and Minnesota did not fare much better. Prior to the coming of
the colonists, every square inch of land in North, South, and Central
America was Indian Land. In what was to become the contiguous United
States, there were 3,119,884.65 square miles of Indian Land. 203,125
remained in 1887. In 1934, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization act
which halted the theft of Indian land. From 1620 to 1934, Tribes in
America lost 2,994,884.69 square miles of land. Indians owned slightly
more than .02% of their original land base.
By 2013,
modest improvements in Tribal land totals have been made but are still
less than 1% of the original total. Massive dispossession of Tribal land
was accompanied by massive dispossession on Indigenous Peoples
language, culture, spiritual structure, and history. Where tribal people
once tread, there were now farms, ranches, loggers, or publically owned
land. Where the wolf once howled, there was silence. While America
collected wolf heads and pelts and paid bounties, the United States also
awarded 426 soldiers with the Medal of Honor for their efforts between
the years 1860 to 1898 during the United States Indian Wars. The destiny
of Indians and wolves was very much the same throughout the history of
first the colonies, than the United States of America. The prophetic
words,
“What shall happen to the one of you shall happen to the other” rang true when first spoken, and now.
The
1970’s brought the first major change in this common destiny of the
Indian and the wolf. Indians and wolves politically and socially turned a
corner. The survival and well being for both took major steps forward
during this time. As previously mentioned, the Endangered Species Act
became law in 1973. The wolf was placed under federal protection in
1974. The Civil Rights Movement was still raging in America. In 1973,
the American Indian Movement (AIM) and many young Native Americans,
including many from Minnesota, were surrounded and placed under siege by
agents of the United States government in Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
During the 71 day siege and conflict, the essence of the AIM position
was they were no longer accepting the violation of our treaties and of
the hopeless poverty, lack of education, health care, and inadequate
housing on Indian Reservations throughout America.
For
both Indians and wolves, the corner of our shared destiny was turned.
For the first time in many years, the United States of America
significantly began to uphold major commitments made by treaty with
Tribes. Housing, education, and healthcare services all dramatically
improved in the years following the 1973 conflict at Wounded Knee. And
the legal killing of wolves officially stopped throughout the contiguous
48 states of America. But for the wolf, the only region with any
significant population was northeastern Minnesota. Indians and wolves
from Minnesota were unknowingly placed at the forefront of the social,
cultural, and political turn around that was to be a significant
recovery for both.
Modern oral history of Minnesota and
Great Lakes Anishinaabeg is rich and fulfilling. An important thread of
this history highlights the assistance the wolf gives to Anishinaabeg
men who put on the military uniform to fight overseas in numerous
conflicts for the United States. World War II, Korea, and Vietnam Ojibwe
combat veterans tell of being in situations of extreme peril and
danger. When it appeared that there was no way out these dangerous
situations, Waabishkii-Ma’iingan (White Wolf) appeared in the jungle,
rice paddy, or battlefield and led the Ojibwe man, and others, to
safety. There are stories of Indian Children running away from boarding
schools early in the 1900’s who were lost, tired, hungry, and cold.
Again, the wolf made sure the child had food and warmth, and led the
child, sometimes for over a hundred miles, safety back to her/his home
village. A different story tells of a wolf pack taking in a young hunter
who got lost during the winter. The wolves took care of the young man,
and in the spring, returned him safely to his village. Anishinaabeg talk
of these things among themselves, these events occurred.
The
recounting of these types of events, and others, where Ma’iingan has
assisted Anishinaabeg, continues to be an important part of modern
Ojibwe oral history. Ma’iingan has shown Anishinaabe how to take care of
one’s self, family, community, land, and nation. The wolf is also a
foundation component of many Ojibwe ceremonies, historically (Ojibwe
history), and contemporarily. There were times when Anishinaabe did take
wolves, usually only for very specific reasons. These occurrences
typically revolved around the request by an individual. At these times, a
group of elders would discuss the request, if granted, a small group of
men were selected to go out and get the wolf. The killing of a wolf
occurred only after much deliberation and ceremony. Beyond these
situations, for the Anishinaabe, there is no good reason to allow the
random and indiscriminate killing of wolves. This is perhaps one of the
earliest forms of self regulation by Indian people.
The
improved trends for Indians and wolves continued up to January 2012 for
wolves and tribes. This changed when the United States officially
removed wolves from endangered species protection in the Great Lakes
region. Within days of federal delisting, the Minnesota and Wisconsin
legislatures introduced and passed legislation authorizing statewide
wolf hunts. Shortly after that, Federal sequestration dramatically cut
treaty obligated funds for essential tribal housing, education, and
healthcare services. Long term impacts of both these actions remains to
be seen. But this much is now known. 412 wolves were legally hunted,
trapped or snared in Minnesota’s first regulated 2012 wolf season. 237
were legally killed in the 2013 season. Illegal killing of wolves
remains problematic. The essence of the problem can be heard in many
bars in northern Minnesota during the hunting season.
Despite
a declaration from the White Earth Tribal Council creating a wolf
sanctuary within the reservation boundaries, Minnesota wolf hunters,
trappers and snarers killed 12 of our Wolf Brothers in the 2012 season
on the White Earth Indian Reservation. Key services to tribal members
on Indian Reservations have been dramatically cut. A recent Supreme
Court ruling dealt the Indian Child Welfare Act a major blow. Global
climate change continues unabated, altering the environment for both
Indians and wolves. The state of Minnesota continues to ignore the
request from tribes to let the tribes manage wolves within their
reservation boundaries. On these issues and more, Minnesota Tribes may
be regressing. Social conditions in many of our Reservation communities
are unstable. State and federal authorities continue efforts to chisel
away treaty rights.
The Wolf is my Brother! Hopefully,
this information helps clarify and provide new information for those
working to better understand the cultural, spiritual, and historic
relationship between Anishinaabeg and Ma’iinganag. For many tribal
members, these stories are nothing new. For all, it is hoped that the
understanding of the duration and complexity of this relationship will
lead to sounder decisions about the requests from tribes wanting to
create wolf sanctuary or otherwise manage wolves as they see fit. For
most, it is one and the same. When the tribes say,
the Wolf is my Brother, it is hoped this portrayal of the uniqueness of the relationship helps all to better understand why it is so.
In
closing, here are a couple thoughts about wolf families collected by
the International Wolf Center in Ely, MN. Perhaps, in this, there is
something for all.
RULES OF THE PACK
Take care of the young for they are our future
Never question your existence
Keep your wild Spirit
Be sociable
Live life like play
Live for the hunt, hunt to live
Love your freedom
Those who hunt in numbers accomplish larger tasks
Move swiftly,,,, leave only tracks
Afterword;
the stories, the history, the significance of the Wolf to Indian People
of Minnesota and elsewhere extends back to ancient times. All recorded
here has been said before, sometimes often, other times less so. I have
taken a few pieces of our rich, complex, history, and story and put them
to paper. My motivation is to help give my Wolf Brother a voice, and to
help others understand why the Wolf is important to Ojibwe
Anishinaabeg. The story is much larger than that written here. My hope
is that I have done justice for both in these few short pages.
To
the generations of Anishinaabeg who keep the story alive, and to the
sacred fire that burns in the eyes of the Wolf, Miigwech Niibowa. (Many
Thanks.)
Robert Shimek.
Gaawaabaabiganikaag Ishkonigan (White Earth Indian Reservation)
Binaakwii Giizis (Moon of the Falling Leaves – October) 2013. I am solely responsible for all mistakes and omissions. Peace with Earth.
Robert Shimek at the NWA rally in Cass Lake.
Robert Shimek at Wolf Walk 2012. Photo by Ivy Vainio.
Young members of the Duluth Anishinaabeg community
leading Wolf Walk 2013. Photo by Ivy Vainio.